Air Ion Perak atau Ionic Silver Water atau Colloidal Silver Water

Ionic Silver Water - Air Ion Perak - Colloidal Silver Water
Sebuah Solusi Hidup Sehat Bebas Mikroba
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Kami Perkenalkan Ionik Silver Water - Air Ion Perak - Colloidal Silver Water yang dapat membunuh Bakteri, Virus, Pathogen, Jamur dan Parasit (650 jenis) dalam waktu 6 menit setelah kontak (berdasarkan jurnal penelitian Dunia)

Sekilas pandang Ion Perak

* Tidak mengandung radikal bebas, aman untuk enzim tubuh manusia dan tidak ada efek samping yang negatif jika digunakan bersamaan dengan obat, jamu, atau suplemen lainnya
* Membantu memperbaiki regenerasi sel dan jaringan yang rusak, mencegah pilek dan flu, dan berbagai penyakit yang disebabkan berbagai jenis bakteri, kuman dan infeksi virus
* Jika digunakan secara teratur dapat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh
* Ionic Silver Water tidak berwarna, tidak berasa (hanya sedikit pahit)
* Non-toxic
* Partikel Ionic Silver Water lebih kecil daripada mikroba sehingga efektif menghancurkan bakteri dan kuman.

Teknologi Nano Silver Telah Digunakan oleh Badan Antariksa Amerika Serikat, NASA
NASA telah meneliti 23 metode untuk melakukan pemurnian udara selama misi di luar angkasa dengan pesawat ulang alik dan dan pilihan tsb adalah teknologi nano silver. Tidak hanya NASA, bahkan setengah dari penerbangan di dunia menggunakan teknologi nano silver sebagai penyaring udara untuk menjaga dan mencegah terjadinya infeksi di udara. Saat ini, penggunaan teknologi nano silver sesungguhnya sudah sangat luas, termasuk pendingin udara/AC, mesin cuci, laptop dan sebagainya. Tujuannya hanya satu yaitu mengurangi ancaman dari bakteri dan virus!

Perak merupakan antibiotik alami yang sangat kuat yang sudah digunakan selama ribuan tahun. Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini, kalangan medis melihat adanya sebuah hubungan antara perak dengan sistem pertahanan tubuh alami manusia. Pada saat tubuh kita memiliki cukup kandungan perak, hal itu seperti memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang kedua.

Berikut adalah beberapa pandangan dari para dokter dan periset perak:

Dr. Robert O. Becker
“Apa yang kita lakukan sesungguhnya adalah menemukan kembali fakta yang sudah diketahui berabad-abad lalu bahwa perak membunuh bakteri. Ketika antibiotik ditemukan, penggunaan perak secara klinis kemudian ditinggalkan.
“What we have actually done is rediscover the fact that silver kills bacteria which has been known for centuries. When antibiotics were discovered, clinical uses for silver as an antibiotic were discarded.”

Dr. Henry Crooks mendapati bahwa perak memiliki kemampuan membunuh kuman yang sangat kuat, tidak berbahaya ke manusia dan benar-benar tidak beracun. Dari eksperimen-eksperimen yang dilakukannya terhadap bakteri dengan perak ia menyimpulkan, “ Saya tahu tidak ada mikroba yang dapat bertahan lebih dari enam menit.”

Dr. Henry Crooks found that silver is highly germicidal, quite harmless to humans and absolutely nontoxic. From his bacteriological experiments with silver he concluded, “I know of no microbe that is not killed in laboratory experiments in six minutes.”

Dr. Richard L. Davies, Direktur Eksekutif Institut Perak, yang memantau teknologi perak di 37 negara melaporkan, “Dalam 4 tahun kami menemukan 87 kegunaan perak yang baru yang penting untuk keperluan medis. Kita sesungguhnya baru saja mulai melihat kemampuan perak dalam meningkatkan fungsi kesehatan tubuh kita.”

Dr. Richard L. Davies, Executive Director of the Silver Institute, which monitors silver technology in 37 nations, reports, “In four years we’ve described 87 important new medical uses for silver. We’re just beginning to see to what extent silver can help promote healthy body function.

J. Powell, Editor of Science Digest, “Perak sedang muncul sebagai sebuah kejaiban obat modern. Satu antibiotik hanya dapat membunuh setengah lusin organisma berbahaya sedangkan perak dapat membunuh 650. Tidak ada galur kuman yang menjadi kebal tehadap perak. Bahkan sejumlah kecil perak dapat memusnahkan organisma berbahaya dalam jumlah besar.”

J. Powell, Editor of Science Digest, “Silver is emerging as a wonder of modern medicine. An antibiotic kills some half-dozen harmful organisms but silver kills some 650. Resistant strains do not develop. Even tiny amounts of silver wipe out huge quantities of harmful organisms.”

Pernyataan di atas belum dievaluasi oleh FDA. Produk ion perak tidak ditujukan untuk mendiagnosa, merawat, menyembuhkan, atau mencegah berbagai penyakit.
The statements in this document have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Article source: http://cbs-sukses.com/

Is Colloidal Silver Safe?

To answer this question, Brent Finnigan sent a letter to the FDA requesting very specific information to determine the safety of Colloidal Silver.
Find below his request for information an
d and the Public Health Service Center for Drug Evaluation and Research response to Brent’s request.

Food and Drug Administration October 14th, 1999
U.S. Department Of Health and
Human Services
Public Health Service
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
Dear Sirs/Madam,
Pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act and in regard your August 17th, 1999 ruling regarding colloidal silver, could you please supply the following documentation on which you based your decision?
1. The number of deaths related to the consumption of colloidal silver.
2. The number of allergic reactions to the consumption of colloidal silver.
3. The number of harmful drug interactions from both OTC and prescription drugs when combined with colloidal silver.
4. The number of reported cases of Argyria from colloidal silver made with the AC or DC electrical process.
5. The number of cases of Argyria from colloidal silver that did not contain protein stabilizers.
Thank you for your time and consideration of this request.
Sincerely,
Brent Finnigan LMP

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Office of Training and Communication
Freedom of Information Staff HFD-205
5600 Fishers Lane 12 B 05
Rockville, Maryland 20857 November 3, 1999 In Response Refer to File: F99-22589 Brent Finnigan Takoma (sic), WA 98408
Dear Mr. Finnigan:
This is in response to your request of 10/14/99, in which you requested adverse events associated with the use of Colloidal Silver. Your request was received in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research on 10/25/99.
We have searched the records from FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) and have been unable to locate any cases that would be responsive to your request.
Charges of $3.50 (Search $3.50, Review $0, Reproduction $0, Computer time $0) will be included in a monthly invoice. DO NOT SEND ANY PAYMENT UNTIL YOU RECEIVE AN INVOICE.
If there are any problems with this response, please notify us in writing of your specific problem(s). Please reference the above file number.
Sincerely, Hal Stepper, Freedom of Information Technician, Office of Training and Communications Freedom of Information Staff, HFD-205
“The US EPA has declared that silver does not cause adverse health effects and has set a Maximum Level at 100 ppb for all drinking water. (9) A new European Union Drinking Water Standard in draft form has removed any upper limit for silver in drinking water following the WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality which states that “it is not necessary to recommend any health-based guidelines for silver as it is not hazardous to human health”. (9) One teaspoon (5ml) of 1 ppm colloidal silver in a glass (250ml) of water equals 20 ppb.
Since the guidelines relate to lifetime exposure for even the most susceptible sub-groups, calculated at 2 litres a day, one could safely consume 8 glasses each with 5 teaspoons (25 ml) of 1 ppm of colloidal silver every day. The most commonly used quantity is a mere teaspoon in a glass of water 3 or 4 times daily.” [Gaia Research]
“Both silver and also hydrogen peroxide (especially in combination) exhibit significant microbial inactivation at concentrations that do not pose any health risk according to the EEC, WHO and US EPA. (8) The EEC, WHO and Israel Ministry of Health have specifically approved the use of colloidal silver as a drinking water disinfectant at an MCL of 80 ppb. (8) Switzerland, Germany and Australia have given approval for the use of a commercial formulation of colloidal silver and hydrogen peroxide as a drinking water disinfectant. (8)” [Gaia Research]

Silver and the HIV Virus
Finding specific Colloidal Silver personal testimonials relating to HIV has been difficult for me after all it has been three years since the FDA launched Operation Cure All, but whatever the case I can strongly support if not prove the hypothesis that the Silver mineral actually does kill the HIV virus through my Internet research.
Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine, Spring 2001: “Reduction of Viral Load in AIDS Patients with Intravenous Mild Silver Protein–Three Case Reports” Ward Dean, M.D., Mark Mitchell, M.D., Victor Whizar Lugo, M.D. and James South, M.A.
In 1997 Louisiana-based businessman Bill McFarland conducted a mild silver protein (MSP) study on three HIV+ men with the AIDS condition where all three patients took MSP orally and were given intravenous injections of the MSP; all three maintained magnificent viral load reductions in a very short period of time.
The graph illustrates the subject AP’s HIV levels over time where each dot represents a viral load measurement on a specific date. Initially AP tested for the maximum level of HIV in the bloodstream at 750,000 RNA copies/ml, but his count is anticipated higher indicated by the dotted line since this was the maximum viral load level capability of the test.
On the graph notice that AP had five IV administrations of the MSP listing the date of the IV infusion and the corresponding PPM (parts per million).
Notice that when the subject AP received and IV of 1,500 PPM, AP’s viral load amazingly dropped within 30 day period and AP’s viral load drops within a 60 day period AP tested undetectable. It should be noted that AP suffered a severe Herxheimer’s Effect (die off) described in a paragraph below.

Another report that affirming Colloidal Silver maintaining a miraculous ability to kill the HIV virus was presented by Dr. Farber in his book The Micro Silver Bullet: A Preliminary Scientifically Documented Answer to the Three Largest Epidemics in the World: Lyme Disease – Aids Virus – Yeast Infection – (and the Common Cold) where he states:
“AIDS STUDY Eight people recover from the AIDS Virus in a scientifically documented study. An additional seven Aids Patients recover as verified by anecdotal reports. Testimonials – Aids Virus – Gulf War Syndrome.”

A brief list of scientific, technical and medical research on various aspects of the uses of silver in medicine:

• American Metal Market, “Silver Compound aids in Bacterial Defense”, Feb. 10, 1995, V 103, n 28
• Colloidal Silver Proteins Marketed as Health Supplements, Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA October 18, 1995 — Vol. 274, No. 15.
• FDA Background statement on Colloidal Silver, Received Sept. 13, 1995.
• Bach A.,Boher H., Motsch J., Martin E., Geiss H.K., Sonntag H.G., Prevention of bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters by antiseptic impregnation of polyurethane polymers, J of Antimicrob Chem., 33:969 978, 1994.
• Bechhold, H. (1919), Colloids in Biology and Medicine, translated by J.G.M. Bullow., D.Van Nostrand Company: New York.
• Becker, Robert O., Effects of Electrically Generated Silver Ions on Human Cells and Wound Healing, Electro and Magnetobiology, 19(1), 1 19, 2000
• Becker R.O., Spadaro J.A. ,Treatment of Orthopedic Infections with Electrically Generated Silver Ions, J. Bone Jt. Surgery 60 A:871,1978
• Becker, Robert O., M.D., The Effect of Electrically Generated Silver Ions on Human Cells, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, pg 227 243, The Gold and Silver Institutes, Suite 101, 1026 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
• Berg, A.O., Placebos: A Brief Review for Family Physicians, J. Fam. Pract., 1977, July; 5(1):97 100
• Boericke, William, M.D., Sett Dey & Co., Materia Medica with Repertory, Calcutta, 1976
• Brown, G. Van Amber, M.D., “Colloidal Silver in Sepsis”, Journal of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Jan , 1916
• Castle, James, M.D., “Some Recent Observations on Sprue”, British Medical Journal, Nov. 15, 1912
• Chu C.C., Tsai W.C., Yao J.Y. ,Chiu S.S., Newly made antibacterial braided nylon sutures. 1. In vitro qualitative and in vivo preliminary biocompatibility study, J. Biomed. Material Res., 21:1281, 1987
• Chu C.S., McManus A.T., Mason A.D., Okerberg C.V., Pruitt B.A. Multiple Graft Harvestings from Deep Partial thickness Scald Wounds Healed under the Influence of Weak Direct Current, Journal of Trauma, 30:1044, 1990
• Chu C.S., McManus A.T., Matylevich N., Mason A.D., Pruitt B.A., Direct Current Reduces
• Wound Edema After Full Thickness Burn Injury in Rats, Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection & Critical Care, 400 (5):738, 1990
• Chu C.S., McManus A.T.,Okerberg C.V.,Mason A.D., Pruitt B.A. Weak Direct Current Accelerates Split thickness Graft Healing on Tangentially Excised Second degree Burns, J of Burn Care Rehab, 12:285 293, 1991
• Chu C.S., McManus A.T. Pruitt B.A., Mason A.D., Theraputic Effects of Silver Nylon Dressings with Weak Direct Current on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infected Burn Wounds, The Journal of Trauma, 28(10):1488 1492, 1988

• Clement J.L., Jarrett P.S., Antibacterial Silver, Metal Based Drugs 1(5 6):467 482,1994
• Deitch E.A., Malaleonok A.A., Albright J.A., Electric Augmentation of the Anti Bacterial Activity of Silver Nylon, 3rd Annual BRAGS, 10/2 5/1983
• Deitch E.A., Marino A.A., Gillespie T.E., Albright J.A., Silver Nylon: A New Antimicrobial Agent, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother., 23:356, 1983
• Demant, P., Journal of the American Medical Association, “Blocking the Reticulo endothelial system and Glycemia”, p. 916, 87 (23) Dec. 4, 1926
• Doull, J. et. al., Cosaret and Doull’s Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, Third Edition, 1986, p. 625
• Downer, Ann, B.A., M.A., L.P.T., Physical Therapy Procedures: Selected Techniques, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1977
• Duhamel, B. G. M.D.,”Electric Metallic Colloids and their Therapeutical Applications”, Lancet, Jan 13, 1912
• Eichhorn, Gunter, et. al., Interaction of Metal Ions and Biological Systems, with special reference to Silver and Gold, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, pg 3 22, The Gold and Silver Institutes, Suite 101, 1026 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
• Flick, A.B., Clinical Application of Electrical Silver Iontophoresis, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, pg 273 276, The Gold and Silver Institutes, Suite 101, 1026 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
• Fung, Man C., & Bowen, Debra L., Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, Jan1996, V34 N1, p119(8)
• Federal Register Vol. 61, No. 200 Tuesday, October 15, 1996 Proposed Rules 53685, 21 CFR Part 310 [Docket No.96N 0144] Over the Counter Drug Products Containing Colloidal Silver ingredients or Silver Salts
• Gettler, A.O., et. al., A Contribution to the pathology of generalized argyria with a discussion of the fate of silver in the human body, Am J Pathol 1927;3:631 52
• Gillman, A., Goodman, L.S., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed. New York,: Macmillan, 1975:930 1
• Greene, R.M., Su, WP Daniel, “Argyria”, American Family Physician, 1987; 36;151 154
• Hussain, Saber; Anner, Rolf M.; & Anner, Beatrice M.; Cystine protects Na,K ATPase and isolated human lymphocytes from silver toxicity, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 189, No. 3, Dec. 30, 1992, pp. 1444 1449
• Johnson, A.C., D.C., Chiropractic Physiological Therapeutics, 1977 Krusen, Frank H., M.D., Kottke, Frederic J., M.D., pH.D., Ellwood, Paul M. Jr., M.D., Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, W.B. Saunders Company, 1971
• MacLeod, Alex O. E., “Electric Metallic Colloids and their Therapeutical Applications”, Lancet, Feb. 3, 1912
• Mackay, Raymond A., and John Texter, Electrochemistry in Colloids and Dispersions, VCH Publishers, Inc., 1992, ISBN 1 56081 573 6
• Marshall, C. R. M.D., and Killoh, G. B. M.D., “The Bactericidal Action of Collosols of Silver and Mercury”, British Medical Journal, Jan 16, 1915
• Moyasar, T. Y., , Landeen, L. K., Messina, M. C., Kuta, S. M. Schulze, R., and Gerba, C. P. , (1990), Disinfection of Bacteria in Water Systems by using electrolytically generated copper, silver and reduced levels of free chlorine. Found in the Canadian Journal of Microbiology. The National Research Council of Canada: Ottawa, Ont.Canada. pp. 109 116
• Maki D.G., Garman J.K., Shapiro J.M., Ringer M, Helgerson R.B., An Attachable Silver Impregnated Cuff for Prevention of Infection with Central Venous Catheters: A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial Attachable Silver, Am J of Med, 85:307 314, 1988
• Maki D.G., Stolz S.M., Wheeler A., Mermel L.A., Prevention of Central Venous Catheter Related Blookstream Infection by Use of an Antiseptic Impregnated Catheter, Am College of Physicians, 127(4):257 266, 5 Aug 1997
• Marino A.A.,Deitch E.A., Albright J.A., Electric Silver Antisepsis, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME, 32:336, 1985
• Marino A.A., Deitch E.A., Malakanok V., Albright J.A., Specian R.D., Electrical Augmentation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nylon Fabrics, J. Biol. Phys.,12:93, 1984
• Marino A.A., Malakonok V., Albright J. A., Deitch E.A., Specian R.D., Electrochemical properties of silver nylon fabrics, J. of Electrochem Soc.,132:68,1985
• Nand S., Sengar G.K., Nand S., Jain V.K., Gupta T.D., Dual Use of Silver for A Management of Chronic Bone Infections and Infected Non Unions, J. Indian Medical Assoc, 84:134 136, 1996
• Roe, Legge A., “Collosol Argentum and its Ophthalmic uses”, British Medical Journal, Jan 16, 1915
• Sanderson Wells, T. H., M.D., “A Case of Puerperal Septicaemia Successfully Treated with Intravenous Injections of Collosol Argentum”, Lancet, Feb. 16, 1916
• Science Digest, “Silver New Magic in Medicine”, March 1978
• Searle, Alfred B., (1919), The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease, E. P. Dutton & Company, New York
• Sheldon, J.H., M.D., The British Medical Journal, Jan 13, 1934, p. 47 58
• Sheridan R., Doherty P.J. Gilchrist T., Healy D., The effect of antibacterial agents on the behariour of Cultured Mammalian Fibroblasts., J. of Materials Science, 6:853 856, 1995
• Shouse, Samuel S., M.D., and Whipple, George H., M.D., “Effects of the Intravenous Injection of Colloidal Silver upon the Hematopoetic System in Dogs”, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 53, p. 413 419, 1931
• Schriber, William J., M.A., M.D., Lea & Febiger, A Manual of Electrotherapy, 1978
• Simonetti, N., Simonetti, G., Bougnol, F., and Scalzo, M. (1992) Electrochemical Ag+ for preservative use. Article found in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology: Washington, V. 58, 12, pp. 3834 3836
• Simpson, W. J. M.D., “Experiments on the Germicidal Action of Colloidal Silver”, Lancet, Dec. 12, 1914
• Slawson, R.M., Van Dyke, M.I., Lee, H. and Trevors, J. T. (1992) Germanium and Silver resistance, accumulation and toxicity in microorganisms. Article found in Plasmid. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, V. 27, 1, pp. 73 79
• Spadaro J.A., Kramer S.J., Webster D.A., Antibacterial demineralized bone matrix using silver, 28th Annual ORS , N. Orleans, LA, Jan 19 21,1982
• Spadaro J.A., Webster D.A., Becker R.O., Silver Polymethyl methacrylate antibacterial bone cement, Clinical Orthop, 143:266, 1979
• Spadaro J.A., Webster D.A., Kovach D.A., Chase S.E., Antibacterial Fixation Pins wth Silver: Animal Models, Trans Orthop Res Soc, 9:335, 1984
• Spardo, J.A., Silver Anode Inhibition of Bacteria, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, pg 245 260, The Gold and Silver Institutes, Suite 101, 1026 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
• Thurman, R. B., and Gerba, C. P. (1989). The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion Disinfection of bacteria and viruses. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, V. 18, 4, p. 295, 299, 301, 302
• Tsai W.C., Chu C.C., Chin S.S., Yao J.Y., In Vitro quantitative study of newly made antibacterial braided nylon sutures, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 165:207, 1987
• Webster D.A., Spadaro J.A., Kramer S., Becker R.O., Silver Anode treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, Clin Orthop, 1961:105, 1981
• Westhafen, M., Schafer, H., “Generalized Argyrosis in man: Neurological, Ultrastructural and X ray microanalytical findings”, Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 1986; 232; 260 264
• Williams, D.F., The Biocompatibility of Silver, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine, pg 261 272, The Gold and Silver Institutes, Suite 101, 1026 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
• Williams R.L., Doherty P.J., Vince D.G., Grashoff G. J., Williams D.F., The Biocompability of Silver, Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility, 5:221, 1989

UCLA Medical Center has reported that “colloidal silver … killed every virus that was tested in the lab.”

UCLA ran some tests on Colloidal Silver and their report states:
“The silver solutions were antibacterial for Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhea,Gardnerella Vaginalis,Salmonella Typhi, and other enteric pathogens, fungicidal for Candida albicans, Candida globata, and M. furfur, and it killed every virus that was tested in the lab”.

UCLA study : Some years ago an independent research laboratory sent to the university of California at Los Angeles a sample of Colloidal Silver to be tested against AIDS, and Anthrax. UCLA undertook the test and proved conclusively that Colloidal Silver was highly effective in remedial application against both disease pathogens.
Test results at the UCLA Medical Labs at the UCLA School of Medicine in 1988 by Larry C. Ford, M.D and other researchers show Colloidal Silver killed every virus on which it was tested.
They found that Colloidal Silver acts as a catalyst and disables the enzyme used to metabolize oxygen, causing all one-celled microorganisms to die.
Because organisms cannot build an immunity to Colloidal Silver, their mutations are just as vulnerable to Colloidal Silver’s rapid action.
Because Colloidal Silver is neutralized by body acids in the stomach, the compound doesn’t usually kill “friendly bacteria” unless too much is ingested.
Colloidal Silver is the only silver that can be safely used as a supplement because of its bio-availability and slow rate of absorption.

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Washington University

Medical Uses
In the 1970′s Dr. Carl Moyer, Chairman of Washington University’s Department of Surgery, received a grant to develop better treatments for burn victims. Dr. Harry Margraf worked with Dr. Moyer and other surgeons, a chief biochemist on this project.
They tested 22 antiseptic compounds and rejected all of them. The problem was that infections in burns often failed to respond to antibiotics. Most antiseptics actually destroy the delicate healing tissues in severe burns and were very painful. The greatest problem was the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is particularly infectious to burns and fails to respond to all common antibiotics.

In his research into medical history, Dr. Margraf found numerous references to silver as an antimicrobial agent. Dr. Margraf therefore tried silver nitrate, the same solution used in newborn babies’ eyes at birth to prevent blindness from venereal disease. It worked! However, he found it disturbed the balance of body salts, stained everything it touched, and in high concentrations was corrosive and painful.
After further study he found that all of these problems were solved by Colloidal Silver. With Colloidal Silver as the base, he then developed a salve that has been extremely effective in treating the infections and healing in serious burns. Colloidal Silver is now routinely used for severe burn victims, resulting in a large reduction of scarring and a heavy reduction of deaths for extensive severe burns.

Silver is used in over 90% of all US burn centres
Carl Moyer, M.D., chairman of Washington University’s Department of Surgery quoted in the 1970s: “Silver is the best all-around germ fighter we have.”

Dr. Robert O. Becker, MD, a biomedical researcher from Syracuse University and author of The Body Electric, wrote about his experience with older patients:

“Silver did more than kill disease causing organisms. It promoted major growth of bone and accelerated healing of injured tissues by over 50%.”

He also states that silver does more than kill disease-causing organisms. Silver causes major growth stimulation of injured tissues. Burn patients and even elderly patients notice more rapid healing. He discovered that cancer cells can change back to normal cells.

Silver deficiency is responsible for the improper functioning of the immune system concludes Dr. Robert O. Becker, M.D. who has conducted extensive research into the curative properties of sliver for many years at the Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Dr. Becker’s experiments conclude that silver works on the full spectrum of pathogens without any side effects or damage to the body.
The Biomedical researcher Robert O. Becker, M.D., from Syracuse University, has also reported that “Silver stimulates bone-forming cells into growing new bone where it had not he for long periods of time.”
Dr Becker is the author of The Body Electric and Cross Currents, and is also known for his work in regenerating the amputated limbs of frogs. According to Dr Becker,
“Silver did more than kill disease-causing organisms. It promoted major growth of bone and accelerated the healing of injured tissues by over 50 cent.”
In his research he discovered cell types that looked just like the active bone marrow of children. “These cells grew fast,” he wrote, “producing a diverse and surprising assortment of primitive cell forms able to multiply at a great rate, then differentiate into the specific cells of an organ or tissue that had been injured, even in patients over fifty years old. This ability overcomes the main problem of mammalian regeneration.” Dr Becker also discovered that silver “profoundly stimulates healing in skin and other soft tissues in a way unlike any known natural process…and kills the most stubborn infections of all kinds, including surrounding bacteria and fungus.”
He concluded that, “What we have actually done was rediscover the fact that silver killed bacteria, which had been known for centuries…; when antibiotics were discovered, clinical uses for silver as an antibiotic were discarded.”
Dr Becker also discovered that silver “profoundly stimulates healing in skin and other soft tissues in a way unlike any known natural process…and kills the most stubborn infections of all kinds, including surrounding bacteria and fungus.”
He concluded that, “What we have actually done was rediscover the fact that silver killed bacteria, which had been known for centuries…; when antibiotics were discovered, clinical uses for silver as an antibiotic were discarded.”

Documented Diseases Successfully treated with Colloidal Silver
According to the article in Science Digest by Jim Powell-March 1978-titled “Our Mightiest germ Fighter” “Thanks to eye opening research, silver is emerging as a wonder of modern medicine. An antibiotic kills perhaps a half a dozen different kinds of disease organism, but silver kills some 650. Resistant strains fail to develop . Moreover silver is virtually nontoxic”, pioneering silver researcher, Dr Harry Margraf of St Louis concluded:” Silver is the best all round germ fighter we have.”

Colloidal Silver can be taken orally (directly into the mouth (leave under the tongue for as long as possible – at least 30 -90 seconds-before swallowing) or externally, either by spraying directly undiluted on affected areas, or by bathing with soaked cotton wool balls.
To ensure Colloidal Silvers’ effectiveness, be sure that you drink plenty of water at least eight x 200ml/8oz. glasses of water per day, to avoid overloading the liver and experiencing severe ‘toxic flush’, i.e. a reaction which seems like a low grade flu, some people may have mild headaches and an increase in body temperature for example. A ‘toxic flush’ is caused by the high amounts of pathogens dying and leaving the body. This may also manifest as mild diarrhea. The water helps to prevent toxic build-up by flushing the toxins out more readily. Every body experiences a different level of toxic flush and some people don’t notice any difference at all.

Here is a list of some conditions that people have benefited from by the use of Colloidal Silver.
Remember though, that Colloidal Silver is more or less adaptogenic, in other words – what might be a suitable dose for one person might not be enough for another, size, weight, severity of disease and metabolic rate all play a part in determining the amount one requires.
The following recommended doses are only suggestions and you are advised to use either kinesiology and common sense in determining what is the ‘right ‘amount for you.
As an Antibiotic:
• When used as an antibiotic, adults and children twelve and older, take 30ml Colloidal Silver- by mouth three times a day.
• Younger children can take half this amount.
• It is tasteless, odorless and non-irritating to sensitive tissues such as the eyes, so it can also be used like a first aid spray on cuts, sores, burns, insect bites, etc.
• You can add sprayer to the bottle, which makes it convenient to use as a topical spray. However, it is recommended that you also spray it into the mouth when taking it orally.
• Forty pumps from the sprayer equal one teaspoonful of solution.
• For maximum utilization, pump several sprays of Colloidal Silver- into the mouth, hold for a few seconds and swallow.
• Repeat this process until forty full pumps are swallowed for each teaspoonful desired.
• This allows the silver to be absorbed sublingually (under the tongue), getting it into the system sooner, plus by passing the intestinal flora.

The World Health Organization Report sponsored by the UN into the use and validity of Colloidal Silver and its ability to kill water born disease killers by Colloidal Silver within the use of porous ceramic water filters for Third World use and protection, shows once and for all that Colloidal Silver DOES KILL the most dangerous and life threatening water born germs, viruses, bacteria, allergens and pathogens!

Masses of Misinformation out there on the web purposely to confuse you as to the benefits of taking and using colloidal silver.

There are a multitude of vested financial interests which pay for. and dictate the questionable so-called findings of qualified Think Tanks around the world.

Most of these questionable so called findings are paid for by the large international Pharmaceutical Companies which also backup most of the universities so-called independant research.

Over the last half dozen decades or so extreme pressure has been put on the the USFDA to withdraw its permissions and validation on the use of colloidal silver for medical treatments, which it had granted way back in 1923.

In the past six years we have seen almost the complete withdrawal of highly regarded scientific institutions published clinical proofs of their successes with their own tests and use of colloidal silver to kill off very severe infections, bacteria, allergens and pathogens.

It was as though the Flat Earth Society had taken over the results of alternative medicine!

Despite all the contrived so-called evidence to the contrary. all the withdrawn clinical tests and super hyped articles from vested interests, we can now again breath a sigh because found in this pretty unknown UN WHO report, is the proven facts that prove once and for all that colloidal silver DOES work!

Even more amazing is that one part of the US Government paid for this program to the turn of $57 Million Dollars, while another part is trying desperately to curb the use of the very same colloidal silver to satisfy its Pharma supporters that can’t as yet find a way to patent it without adding an additional patentable something!

So we are very happy that the old adage of not being able to fool all of the people all of the time is correct. Because the real facts (UN/WHO) speak for themselves.

Mechanisms of Action of Silver

Russell (1994) details the historic uses of silver, beginning with Aristotle advising Alexander the Great to boil water and store it in silver or copper vessels to prevent waterborne disease on his campaigns. In 1869, Ravelin reported that silver exerted its antimicrobial effect at very low concentrations, an effect with was later termed “oligodynamic” or “active with few” (Russell, 1994). In 1881, Crede advocated silver to prevent eye infections in newborns, and silver drops were used to prevent gonorrhea of the eye in newborns until very recently. In 1920, the microbiological action of silver was determined to be due to the Ag+ ions formed by tarnishing, surface-oxidation, or electrical activation.

Today, silver is more commonly used as a drinking water and swimming pool disinfectant in Europe than in the United States (Russell, 1994). Studies have shown that silver can be used when chlorine is present for additional disinfection. Argyria, first reported in 1647, is less common today but is still reported.
Three main mechanisms are responsible for bacterial inactivation with silver (Russell, 1994):
1. Silver reacts with thiol (sulphydryl, SH) groups in the bacterial cell
a. In structural groups
b. In functional (enzymic) proteins
2. Silver produces structural changes in bacterial cell membranes
3. Silver interacts with nucleic acids
These three mechanisms are described in further detail in the following sections. Although it is unknown at this time which of these mechanisms is predominant in the PFP filter, laboratory data clearly shows that PFP filters impregnated with colloidal silver remove 99 – 100 percent of bacteria (CIRA-UNAN, various dates). Further information on the mechanism of action of colloidal silver in the filter and data on laboratory tests on the filter are presented in Report 2 (December 2001).

Heinig’s research on silver deposited on an inert surface is of special note in relation to the PFP filter.

Heinig (1993) showed silver on a large inert surface area exhibited a strong catalytic reaction with oxygen, which resulted in strong bactericidal activity. The factors controlling the rate of the catalytic reaction were: the size and dispersion of the silver on the surface area of the bed, and the volume of oxygen in solution.

Heinig found that bacteria and viruses were killed on contact without the need for the release of metals into the water.

Silver as an Enzyme Inhibitor
“Living cells are characterized by a complex and beautifully organized pattern of chemical reactions mediated and directed by enzyme systems (Webb, 1963).” Webb continues by describing the theory of inhibiting enzymes as a means to understanding the “energetics of the cell.”

Directly distorting the pathways of enzymically directed reactions by the introduction of a chemical substance is one approach amongst others to alter metabolic activity. Other ways to alter metabolic activity including changing the temperature or the pH, by irradiation of high pressure, are nonspecific and seldom does one have any idea as to exactly what is occurring in the complex protoplasmic matrix. If one had to choose the most interesting and important characteristic of enzyme inhibitors, what it is that makes them one of the most powerful tools in so many fields of biological investigation, it would be their relative specificity. The more we know about the exact nature of the perturbation produced and the more selective this action can be made, the more likely it is that clear interrelationships will emerge and the goal of understanding the energetics of the cell be achieved.

A number of metals are known to inactivate the SH (sulfur-hydrogen, or sulfhydryl, or thiol) bond in enzymes. Silver is widely used in biochemistry applications to determine if an enzyme has a SH group as part of its functional structure. Webb’s summary of data collected on the action of silver on the SH bond shows extremely varied inactivation depending on specific enzyme and concentration..

These different reactivities could be attributed to an electric field surrounding the SH group, steric factors depending on where the SH group is in the protein structure, occurrence of disulfide linkages, complexes of the SH group with surrounding groups, and whether there is a single or double SH group. Other SH inhibitors studied include mercury, arsenite, cadmium, iodine, ferricyanide, and permanganate.

Although there exists a large variation, SILVER clearly inactivates certain enzymes in sources that are responsible for waterborne disease (Table 4-2). Waterborne disease sources are boldfaced in Table.

Organism Disease Remarks

Bacteria
Legionella pneumophila Legionellosis Acute respiratory illness

Leptospira Leptospriosis Jaundice, fever
Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever Fever, diarrhea
Salmonella Salmonellosis Food poisoning
Shigella Shigelloisis Bacillary dysentery
Vibrio cholerae Cholera Heavy diarrhea, dehydration
Yersinia enterolitica Yersinosis Diarrhea
Viruses
Adenovirus Respiratory disease heart anomalies
Enteroviruses (67 types, incl. polio, echo, etc.) Gastroenteritis, meningitis
Hepatitis A Infectious hepatitis Jaundice, fever
Norwalk agent Gastroenteritis Vomiting
Reovirus Gastroenteritis -
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis -
Protozoa
Balantidium coli Balantidiasis Diarrhea, dysentery
Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea
Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis Diarrhea, bleeding
Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Diarrhea, nausea, indigestion
Helminths
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis Roundworm infestation
Enterobius vericularis Enterobiasis Pinworm
Fasciola hepatica Fascioliasis Sheep liver fluke
Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepiasis Dwarf tapeworm
Taenia saginata Taeniasis Beef tapeworm
T. solium Taeniasis Pork tapeworm
Trichuris trichiura Trichuriasis Whipwor

Waiver:- The aforementioned information is not complete in its entirety and does not contain many of the detailed graphs and tests carried out at the village locations in S. America, FDA consternation regarding the use of silver salts and possible resultant Argyria from high doses of same, although the FDA does not make any distinction between electrically extracted colloidal silver, colloidal silver made from powdered silver, silver nitrate or silver salts.

Conclusion:-
We conclude from this report that it is a well known fact that a well made and effective superfine colloidal silver will eradicate all the bacteria and viruses listed in the various tables contained in the report and that if in those cases that the ceramic pores are too large to filter the said infectious diseases; then if they are no longer there when they have passed through the ceramic container with the colloidal silver – then the colloidal silver has disposed of them.

However, the secrecy continues to be perpetuated by large multinational interests aided and abetted by the very Government departments set up to provide the public truth and information to protect themselves from illness and disease.

PRESENT CONDITIONS and ATTITUDES

It is truly amazing how much negative press there is about colloidal silver as being a fringe alternative item with no scientific back up. However some of the items on this page should prickle your curiosity as to why this should be the case. Especially as all medicine started with the ancient shamaans and medieval herbalists who discovered which plants and minerals helped us humans to get over our ailments, illness and disease. It was not until the turn of the 20th century that in the 1920′s that todays modern multinational pharmaceutical drug companies started isolating the active ingredients of these same plants and minerals and then set about synthasiizng them artificially that could then be patented, that all medication became drug orientated by the mainstream medical profession and their professional organizations. Who in turn lobbied for the governments of the day to dismiss other types of alternative treatments.

All of this dismisses the Helsinki Declaration which states that no government or institution should or can refuse a physician the right to treat oa patient who is suffering a disease or pain from being treated in any manner that will relieve that pain or condition. This accord was signed by the USA and UK amongst the other Western nations.

The rest is up to you – read the below information as well as clicking on to the link showing extracts of the World Health Organization report for the United Nations showing how colloidal silver killed 99% of water born disease and illness in strictly controlled field trials carried out in Third World countries in South America, paid for by the US Government to the tune of $58 million Dollars backing a new ceramic low-tech water filter using colloidal silver to kill all the germs, bugs, viruses, bacteria, allergens and pathogens in the local river water and those in dirty well water. This scheme is being rushed ahead in South America and it is intended to be introduced into Africa this year, thus potentially saving millions of lives. Yet the Health Departments of these same promoting countries do nothing to recognize the benefits of Colloidal SIlver in their own countries. Why IS that?
WHAT IS COLLOIDAL SILVER?
(i) Colloidal silver may be described as microscopic particles of pure silver suspended in distilled water. Ranging from .001 to .015 microns in size, the particles carry a low positive charge of electricity which enables them to keep suspended and pass through all human membranes.

Colloidal silver particles are invisible to the naked eye, but can be seen by projecting a focused beam of light through the liquid. The laser ray or light beam, invisible in clear air or pure water, will trace a visible path through a genuine colloidal suspension, like a headlight through fog. Known as the Tyndal effect, this can be used to verify that what you are buying is actually a colloidal liquid.

COLLOIDAL SILVER HISTORY
The use of silver as a germ fighter and disinfectant has been known for centuries. The wealthier members of earlier societies sometimes stored their drinking water in silver containers. Silver coins were often placed in milk and other perishable liquids to preserve them. Silver has long been a favored material for the fabrication of eating utensils. Colloidal silver was well known as a germ fighter in the earlier part of the 20th century, but due to costly manufacturing methods, the price was prohibitive. In the
1930′s people were paying as much as $100.00 an ounce. This led to the search for cheaper ways to kill germs.

COLLOIDAL SILVER VS ANTIBIOTICS
As modern pharmaceutical companies rose to power, they responded to the need for cheaper ways to fight disease with antibiotic drugs. These drugs were highly effective on a narrow range of bacteria, and very inexpensive to make. The medical community was encouraged to prescribe them exclusively, even though a given antibiotic drug will effectively kill only six to eight different micro-organisms, and in spite of the fact that these germs can eventually develop strains that are immune to the drug.

The uncontrolled use of antibiotics in some third world countries where they are available as over the counter medication, is producing strains of super bugs that are highly resistant to antibiotic drugs. There is a definite danger of future plagues because of this.

It is a well known fact that modern hospitals are dangerous places, due to the presence of highly resistant strains of bacteria resulting from the constant use of disinfectants. The weaker germs are destroyed, but a few of the strong survive to breed hardier strains. Thousands of people die each year as a result of exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria contracted in hospitals.

This problem does not exist with colloidal silver. Colloidal silver is effective on over 650 viruses and bacteria, and resistant strains do not develop. Although colloidal silver is now much less costly to manufacture, it is ignored by most of the medical community, due to the fact that it is not a patentable product, and the large drug companies have no commercial interest in it, even though they are well aware of its power. There is currently under way attempts to patent colloidal silver by changing the molecular structure of the water within which the silver is suspended, which in the writer’s opinion is a non-starter as the change in the water does not change the way the basic colloidal silver works. It is the actual electrically charged silver particles that interacts with the immune system and with the damaged cells. Other than specific formulas containing more than one single colloidal, calculated by different ratios and at differing strengths could be a patentable colloidal formula (such as those proprietary Specific Formulas tm. created and unique to Alchemists Workshop); but the modern standard regular colloidal has been in the public domain for over a hundred years.
• HOW COLLOIDAL SILVER WORKS (How it kills bacteria and viruses)

Colloidal silver kills bacteria and viruses by destroying the enzymes responsible for cellular respiration, thus depriving them of the ability to breathe. There is no chance that survivors can develop resistance or immunity to silver. Regular ingestion of small quantities of colloidal silver can act as a second immune system by assisting the body in the war against invading micro-organisms.

Unlike antibiotic drugs, colloidal silver is not toxic, and will not suppress the immune system. The colloids are easily absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and do not reach the lower intestines to damage friendly flora. Colloidal silver also acts as a tissue regenerative substance by stimulating the production of dedifferentiating cells, which can be used to replace destroyed cells.

There has been much hype generated by those opposed to the use of colloidal silver, regarding the skin color changes that have been seen to occur, usually in the folds of skin at the elbows and knees. they usually fail to mention that this bluing or greying of the skin happens only after many years of exposure to very large quantities of silver salts, not the pure metallic colloids.
The experimental studies often sited, and other cases of argyria, were the results of the ingestion of toxic silver compounds such as silver nitrate. It was also an occupational hazard for silver miners who regularly breathed silver ore dust over the course of their careers. The use of micro-doses of colloidal silver for therapeutic purposes does not fall into this category as it is not toxic.
• WHO CAN TAKE COLLOIDAL SILVER?

Since colloidal silver has no toxic side effects, it seems evident that anyone can take it, including adults, children, and those currently taking prescription and non prescription drugs. It has been successfully used by pregnant women and nursing mothers, but they should be careful not to exceed the recommended dosage, and check with their doctor or healthcare professional prior to taking any kind of colloidal preperations, natural alternative or complimentary medicine. Colloidal silver has also been used to control infections and fungal infestations in pets and household plants. Edible garden plants will absorb the silver as part of their mineral intake. Eating them will be an excellent source of nutritional silver.
SILVER FACTS a digest of extracts related to colloidal silver reproduced by Alchemists Workshop

Medical, biocide research may open new markets for silver By: Dorothy Kosich

22-NOV-06 – RENO, NV — New research into silver’s medical and antibacterial properties may mean good news for silver.

While silver’s use as a purifier has been known for thousands of years, research focusing on the ability of silver to destroy the pathogens that cause illness, disease, and epidemics is heating up.

In a presentation to the China International Silver Conference, Dr, John Aspley, Executive Director of the Immunogenic Research Foundation (IMREF), explained that silver compounds have been used as medicine since the late 1800s, and also have been used as a treatment against infections internationally.

Meanwhile, silver has been viewed as a natural mineral important to health maintenance in the same class as vitamins containing zinc, chromium, copper, iron and magnesium.

Aspley estimated that over 700 types of pathogens have been documented to succumb to silver-based drugs. There are three distinct silver-based drugs, silver slats, silver proteins, and colloidal silver and silver hydrosol.

Biocides are chemicals capable of killing living organisms, and are more commonly known as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, germicides and so on. Silver basically disables the food source required by bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and fungi to survive and reproduce. (and thus die)

Oligodynamic silver refers to the power of extremely small concentration of metal ions, such as silver, to exert potent biocidal actions. While it is non-toxic to people and animals, oligodynamic silver is lethal to viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and even cancer cells, according to Aspley. Basically, silver ions destroy bacteria, viruses and other germs by disrupting a germ’s membrane proteins, deactivating bacterial enzymes, and preventing bacteria from replicating.

Among the bacteria which find silver lethal are salmonella, staph infections, streptococcus, and typhoid. The viruses which can’t tolerate silver include Herpes, Influenza, and even the common cold. Uniform Picoscalar Oligodynamic Silver Hydrosol (UOPSH) can attack and kill HIV/AIDs because of the ability for the silver particles to bind to the glycoprotein knobs, which supply the AIDs virus with protein.

The non-profit, Washington State-based Immunogenic Research Foundation is interested in clinical research about silver’s potential to combat global epidemics and pandemics including cancer, hepatitis C, HIV, Lymes Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and drug-resistant super-germs.

In a paper published last month in the international scientific journal Current Science, a team of scientists lauded the properties of Silver-Water Dispersion solution as an effective antibiotic. Their study tested 19 different antibiotics against seven pathogens, including resistant superbugs.

A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. We encounter pathogens as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa in the form of slime or molds.

While antibiotics may cause illness to patients to temporarily disappear, the antibiotics may also leave behind a host of resistant organisms in the patient’s system. These may reappear at a later date, harming the patient’s immune system.

CHINESE RESEARCH
Beijing’s Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of CAS Beijing ChamGo Nano-Tech is among China’s leading companies in research and application of antimicrobial materials and antimicrobial agents.

In a presentation to the China International Silver Conference, Li Bizhong said the potential market and applications for silver antimicrobial agents are significant. He noted that silver-containing antimicrobial agents have been widely used in ceramics for bathrooms, washstands, tableware, floors and walls. Silver antimicrobial agents also have potential applications in foods and food preservation, personal care products, medicine and health-related items, and even musical instruments .

Silver (CASRN 7440-22-4)

Silver; CASRN 7440-22-4

Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Silver
File First On-Line 01/31/1987
Category (section) Status Last Revised
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) on-line 12/01/1996
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) no data
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) on-line 06/01/1989

_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Silver
CASRN — 7440-22-4
Last Revised — 12/01/1996

The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer to the Background Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs can also be derived for the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances that are also carcinogens. Therefore, it is essential to refer to other sources of information concerning the carcinogenicity of this substance. If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this substance for potential human carcinogenicity, a summary of that evaluation will be contained in Section II of this file.
__I.A.1. Oral RfD Summary
Critical Effect Experimental Doses* UF MF RfD
Argyria NOEL: None 3 1 5E-3
mg/kg/day
2- to 9-Year
Human i.v. Study LOAEL: 1 g (total dose);
converted to an oral dose
of 0.014 mg/kg/day
Gaul and Staud, 1935

* Conversion Factors: Based on conversion from the total i.v. dose to a total oral dose of 25 g (i.v. dose of 1 g divided by 0.04, assumed oral retention factor; see Furchner et al., 1968 in Additional Comments section) and dividing by 70 kg (adult body weight) and 25,500 days (a lifetime, or 70 years).
__I.A.2. Principal and Supporting Studies (Oral RfD)
Gaul, L.E. and A.H. Staud. 1935. Clinical spectroscopy. Seventy cases of generalized argyrosis following organic and colloidal silver medication. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 104: 1387-1390.
The critical effect in humans ingesting silver is argyria, a medically benign but permanent bluish-gray discoloration of the skin. Argyria results from the deposition of silver in the dermis and also from silver-induced production of melanin. Although silver has been shown to be uniformly deposited in exposed and unexposed areas, the increased pigmentation becomes more pronounced in areas exposed to sunlight due to photoactivated reduction of the metal. Although the deposition of silver is permanent, it is not associated with any adverse health effects. No pathologic changes or inflammatory reactions have been shown to result from silver deposition. Silver compounds have been employed for medical uses for centuries. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, silver arsphenamine was used in the treatment of syphillis; more recently it has been used as an astringent in topical preparations. While argyria occurred more commonly before the development of antibiotics, it is now a rare occurrence. Greene and Su (1987) have published a review of argyria.
Gaul and Staud (1935) reported 70 cases of generalized argyria following organic and colloidal silver medication, including 13 cases of generalized argyria following intravenous silver arsphenamine injection therapy and a biospectrometric analysis of 10 cases of generalized argyria classified according to the quantity of silver present. In the i.v. study, data were presented for 10 males (23-64 years old) and for two females (23 and 49 years old) who were administered 31-100 i.v. injections of silver arsphenamine (total dose was 4-20 g) over a 2- to 9.75-year period. Argyria developed after a total dose of 4, 7 or 8 g in some patients, while in others, argyria did not develop until after a total dose of 10, 15 or 20 g. In the biospectrometric analysis of skin biopsies from 10 cases of generalized argyria, the authors confirmed that the degree of the discoloration is directly dependent on the amount of silver present. The authors concluded that argyria may become clinically apparent after a total accumulated i.v. dose of approximately 8 g of silver arsphenamine. The book entitled “Argyria. The Pharmacology of Silver” reached the same conclusion, that a total accumulative i.v. dose of 8 gm silver arsphenamine is the limit beyond which argyria may develop (Hill and Pillsbury, 1939). However, since body accumulates silver throughout life, it is theoretically possible for amounts less than this (for example, 4 g silver arsphenamine) to result in argyria. Therefore, based on cases presented in this study, the lowest i.v. dose resulting in argyria in one patient, 1 g metallic silver (4 g silver arsphenamine x 0.23, the fraction of silver in silver arsphenamine) is considered to be a minimal effect level for this study.
Blumberg and Carey (1934) reported argyria in an emaciated chronically ill (more than 15 years) 33-year-old female (32.7 kg) who had ingested capsules containing silver nitrate over a period of 1 year. The patient reported ingesting 16 mg silver nitrate three times a day (about 30 mg silver/day) for alternate periods of 2 weeks. Spectrographic analysis of blood samples revealed a blood silver level of 0.5 mg/L 1 week after ingestion of silver nitrate capsules ceased, and there was only a small decrease in this level after 3 months. The authors noted that this marked argyremia was striking because even in cases of documented argyria, blood silver levels are not generally elevated to this extent. Normal levels for argyremic patients were reported to range from not detected to 0.005 mg Ag/l blood. Heavy traces of silver in the skin, moderate amounts in the urine and feces, and trace amounts in the saliva were reported in samples tested 3 months after ingestion of the capsules stopped; however, despite the marked argyremia and detection of silver in the skin, the argyria at 3 months was quite mild. No obvious dark pigmentation was seen other than gingival lines which are considered to be characteristic of the first signs of argyria. The authors suggested that this may have been because the woman was not exposed to strong light during the period of silver treatment. This study is not suitable to serve as the basis for a quantitative risk assessment for silver because it is a clinical report on only one patient of compromised health. Furthermore, the actual amount of silver ingested is based on the patient’s recollection and cannot be accurately determined.
In a case reported by East et al. (1980), argyria was diagnosed in a 47-year- old woman (58.6 kg) who had taken excessively large oral doses of anti-smoking lozenges containing silver acetate over a period of 2.5 years. No information was provided as to the actual amount of silver ingested. Symptoms of argyria appeared after the first 6 months of exposure. Based on whole body neutron activation analysis, the total body burden of silver in this female was estimated to be 6.4 (plus or minus 2) g. Both the total body burden and concentration of silver in the skin were estimated to be 8000 times higher than normal. In a separate 30-week experiment, the same subject retained 18% of a single dose of orally-administered silver, a retention level much higher than that reported by other investigators. East et al. (1980) cited other studies on this particular anti-smoking formulation (on the market since 1973) which demonstrated that “within the limits of experimental error, no silver is retained after oral administration.” However, this may not hold true for excessive intakes like that ingested by this individual. As with the study by Blumberg and Carey (1934), this study is not suitable to serve as the basis for a quantitative risk assessment. It is a clinical report on only one patient and the actual amount of silver ingested can only be estimated.
__I.A.3. Uncertainty and Modifying Factors (Oral RfD)
UF — An uncertainty factor of 3 is applied to account for minimal effects in a subpopulation which has exhibited an increased propensity for the development of argyria. The critical effect observed is a cosmetic effect, with no associated adverse health effects. Also, the critical study reports on only 1 individual who developed argyria following an i.v. dose of 1 g silver (4 g silver arsphenamine). Other individuals did not respond until levels five times higher were administered. No uncertainty factor for less than chronic to chronic duration is needed because the dose has been apportioned over a lifetime of 70 years.
MF — None
__I.A.4. Additional Studies/Comments (Oral RfD)
In the study by East et al. (1980) (see section 1.A.2.), one human was found to retain 18% of a single oral dose. However, the authors acknowledge that this high level of retention is not consistent with data published in other laboratories. For ethical reasons, the experiment could be not repeated to determine the validity of the results.
Humans are exposed to small amounts of silver from dietary sources. The oral intake of silver from a typical diet has been estimated to range from 27-88 ug/day (Hamilton and Minski, 1972/1973; Kehoe et al., 1940). Tipton et al. (1966) estimated a lesser intake of 10-20 ug/day in two subjects during a 30- day observation period. Over a lifetime, a small but measurable amount of silver is accumulated by individuals having no excessive exposure. Gaul and Staud (1935) estimated that a person aged 50 years would have an average retention of 0.23-0.48 g silver (equivalent to 1-2 g silver arsphenamine). Petering et al. (1991) estimated a much lower body burden of 9 mg over a 50- year period based on estimated intake, absorption, and excretion values; however, it is not clear how the final estimate was calculated. Furchner et al. (1968) studied the absorption and retention of ingested silver (as silver nitrate, amount not specified) in mice, rats, monkeys and dogs. In all four species, very little silver was absorbed from the GI tract. Cumulative excretion ranged from 90 to 99% on the second day after ingestion, with <1% of the dose being retained in <1 week in monkeys, rats and mice. Dogs had a slightly greater retention. The authors used the data from the dog to estimate how much silver ingested by a 70 kg human would be retained. An “equilibrium factor” of 4.4% was determined by integrating from zero to infinity a retention equation which assumes a triphasic elimination pattern for silver with the initial elimination of 90% coming from the dog data. The first elimination half-time of 0.5 days was used “arbitrarily”; subsequent half-times of 3.5 days and 41 days were taken from a metabolic study by Polachek et al. (1960). Furchner et al. (1968) considered their calculated equilibrium factor of 4.4% to be a conservative estimate for the amount of silver which would be retained by a 70 kg human. This figure was rounded to 4% and was used in the dose conversion (i.v. dose converted to oral intake) for the calculation of the RfD. In addition to silver arsphenamine, any silver compound (silver nitrate, silver acetate, argyrol, Neosilvol and Collargol, etc.), at high dose, can cause argyria. Another important factor predisposing to the development of argyria is the exposure of the skin to light. Argyria, the critical effect upon which the RfD for silver is based, occurs at levels of exposure much lower than those levels associated with other effects of silver. Argyrosis, resulting from the deposition of silver in the eye, has also been documented, but generally involves the use of eye drops or make-up containing silver (Greene and Su, 1987). Silver has been found to be deposited in the cornea and the anterior capsule of the lens. The same deposition pattern was seen in the eyes of male Wistar rats following administration of a 0.66% silver nitrate solution to the eyes for 45 days (Rungby, 1986). No toxicological effects were reported. Toxic effects of silver have been reported primarily for the cardiovascular and hepatic systems. Olcott (1950) administered 0.1% silver nitrate in drinking water to rats for 218 days. This exposure (about 89 mg/kg/day) resulted in a statistically significant increase in the incidence of ventricular hypertrophy. Upon autopsy, advanced pigmentation was observed in body organs, but the ventricular hypertrophy was not attributed to silver deposition. Hepatic necrosis and ultrastructural changes of the liver have been induced by silver administration to vitamin E and/or selenium deficient rats (Wagner et al., 1975; Diplock et al., 1967; Bunyan et al., 1968). Investigators have hypothesized that this toxicity is related to a silver-induced selenium deficiency that inhibits the synthesis of the seleno-enzyme glutathione peroxidase. In animals supplemented with selenium and/or vitamin E, exposures of silver as high as 140 mg/kg/day (100 mg Ag/L drinking water) were well- tolerated (Bunyan et al., 1968). __I.A.5. Confidence in the Oral RfD Study — Medium Database — Low RfD — Low The critical human study rates a medium confidence. It is an old study (1935) which offers fairly specific information regarding the total dose of silver injected over a stated period of time. One shortcoming of the study is that only patients developing argyria are described; no information is presented on patients who received multiple=”multiple” injections of silver arsphenamine without developing argyria. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a NOAEL. Also, the individuals in the study were being treated for syphilis and may have been of compromised health. Confidence in the database is considered to be low because the studies used to support the RfD were not controlled studies. For clinical case studies of argyria (such as Blumberg and Carey, 1934; East et al., 1980), it is especially difficult to determine the amount of silver that was ingested. Confidence in the RfD can be considered low-to-medium because, while the critical effect has been demonstrated in humans following oral administration of silver, the quantitative risk estimate is based on a study utilizing intravenous administration and thus necessitates a dose conversion with inherent uncertainties. __I.A.6. EPA Documentation and Review of the Oral RfD Source Document — This assessment is not presented in any existing U.S. EPA document. Other EPA Documentation — None Agency Work Group Review — 10/09/1985, 02/05/1986, 04/18/1990, 02/20/1991, 07/18/1991 Verification Date — 07/18/1991 Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the RfD for silver conducted in August 2003 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or 202-566-1676 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting 202-566-1676 end_of_the_skype_highlighting. __I.A.7. EPA Contacts (Oral RfD) Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting (202)566-1676 end_of_the_skype_highlighting (phone), (202)566-1749 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting (202)566-1749 end_of_the_skype_highlighting (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address). Top of page ________________________________________ _I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC) Substance Name — Silver CASRN — 7440-22-4 Not available at this time. Top of page ________________________________________ _II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure Substance Name — Silver CASRN — 7440-22-4 Last Revised — 06/01/1989 Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA’s more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity. _II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity __II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization Classification — D; not classified as to human carcinogenicity Basis — In animals, local sarcomas have been induced after implantation of foils and discs of silver. However, the interpretation of these findings has been questioned due to the phenomenon of solid-state carcinogenesis in which even insoluble solids such as plastic have been shown to result in local fibrosarcomas. __II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data No evidence of cancer in humans has been reported despite frequent therapeutic use of the compound over the years. __II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data Inadequate. Local sarcomas have been induced after subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of foils and discs of silver and other noble metals. Furst (1979, 1981), however, cited studies showing that even insoluble solids such as smooth ivory and plastic result in local fibrosarcomas and that tin when crumbled will not. He concluded that i.p. and s.c. implants are invalid as indicators of carcinogenicity because a phenomenon called solid-state carcinogenesis may complicate the interpretation of the cause of these tumors. It is difficult to interpret these implantation site tumors in laboratory animals in terms of exposure to humans via ingestion. Within these constraints there are two studies given below in which silver per se appeared to induce no carcinogenic response. Schmahl and Steinhoff (1960) reported, in a study of silver and of gold, that colloidal silver injected both i.v. and s.c. into rats resulted in tumors in 8 of 26 rats which survived longer than 14 months. In 6 of the 8, the tumor was at the site of the s.c. injection. In about 700 untreated rats the rate of spontaneous tumor formation of any site was 1 to 3%. No vehicle control was reported. Furst and Schlauder (1977) evaluated silver and gold for carcinogenicity in a study designed to avoid solid-state carcinogenesis. Metal powder was suspended in trioctanoin and injected monthly, i.m., into 50 male and female Fischer 344 rats per group. The dose was 5 mg each for 5 treatments and 10 mg each for 5 more treatments for a total dose of 75 mg silver. The treatment regimen included a vehicle control (a reportedly inert material), and cadmium as a positive control. Injection site sarcomas were found only in vehicle control (1/50), gold (1/50) and cadmium (30/50); no tumors (0/50) appeared at the site of injection in the silver-treated animals. A complete necropsy was performed on all animals. The authors mentioned the existence of spontaneous tumors in Fischer 344 rats, but reported only injection site tumors. They concluded that finely divided silver powder injected i.m. does not induce cancer. __II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity Further support for the lack of silver’s ability to induce or promote cancer stems from the finding that, despite long standing and frequent therapeutic usage in humans, there are no reports of cancer associated with silver. In a recent Proceedings of a Workshop/Conference on the Role of Metals in Carcinogenesis (1981) containing 24 articles on animal bioassays, epidemiology, biochemistry, mutagenicity, and enhancement and inhibition of carcinogenesis, silver was not included as a metal of carcinogenic concern. No evidence of the mutagenicity of silver was shown in two available studies. Demerec et al. (1951) studied silver nitrate for the possible induction of back-mutations from streptomycin dependence to nondependence in Eschericha coli. Silver nitrate was considered nonmutagenic in this assay. Nishioka (1975) screened silver chloride with other chemicals for mutagenic effects using a method called the rec-assay. Silver chloride was considered nonmutagenic in this assay. Top of page ________________________________________ _II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure Not available. Top of page ________________________________________ _II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure Not available. Top of page ________________________________________ _II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment) __II.D.1. EPA Documentation Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1988 The 1988 Drinking Water Criteria Document for Silver has received Agency Review. __II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment) Agency Work Group Review — 09/22/1988 Verification Date — 09/22/1988 Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the cancer assessment for silver conducted in August 2003 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or 202-566-1676 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting 202-566-1676 end_of_the_skype_highlighting. __II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment) Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting (202)566-1676 end_of_the_skype_highlighting (phone), (202)566-1749 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting (202)566-1749 end_of_the_skype_highlighting (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address). Top of page ________________________________________ _III. [reserved] _IV. [reserved] _V. [reserved] ________________________________________ _VI. Bibliography Substance Name — Silver CASRN — 7440-22-4 Last Revised — 12/01/1991 _VI.A. Oral RfD References • Blumberg, H. and T.N. Carey. 1934. Argyremia: Detection of unsuspected and obscure argyria by the spectrographic demonstration of high blood silver. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 103(20): 1521-1524. • Bunyan, J., A.T. Diplock, M.A. Cawthorne and J. Green. 1968. Vitamin E and stress. 8. Nutritional effects of dietary stress with silver in vitamin E- deficient chicks and rats. Br. J. Nutr. 22(2): 165-182. • Diplock, A.T., J. Green, J. Bunyan, D. McHale and I.R. Muthy. 1967. Vitamin E and stress. 3. The metabolism of D-alpha-tocopherol in the rat under dietary stress with silver. Br. J. Nutr. 21(1): 115-125. • East, B.W., K. Boddy, E.D. Williams, D. MacIntyre and A.L.C. McLay. 1980. Silver retention, total body silver and tissue silver concentrations in argyria associated with exposure to an anti-smoking remedy containing silver acetate. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 5: 305-311. • Furchner, J.E., C.R. Richmond and G.A. Drake. 1968. Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals – IV. Retention of silver – 110m in the mouse, rat, monkey, and dog. Health Phys. 15: 505-514. • Gaul L.E. and A.H. Staud. 1935. Clinical spectroscopy. Seventy cases of generalized argyrosis following organic and colloidal silver medication including a biospectrometric analysis of ten cases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 104(16): 1387-1390. • Greene, R.M. and W.P.D. Su. 1987. Argyria. Am. Fam. Phys. 36: 151-154. • Hamilton, E.I. and M.J. Minski. 1972/1973. Abundance of the chemical elements in man’s diet and possible relations with environmental factors. Sci. Total Environ. 1: 375-394. • Hill, W.R. and D.M. Pillsbury. 1939. Argyria. The pharmacology of silver. Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD. • Kehoe, R.A., J. Cholar and R.V. Story. 1940. A spectrochemical study of the normal ranges of concentration of certain trace metals in biological materials. J. Nutr. 19: 579-592. • Olcott, C.T. 1950. Experimental argyrosis. V. Hypertrophy of the left ventricule of the heart in rats ingesting silver salts. Arch. Pathol. 49: 138-149. • Petering, H.G. and C.J. McClain. 1991. Silver. In: Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis, and Biological Relevance, E. Merian, Ed. VCH, Weinheim. p. 1191-1201. • Polachek, A.A., C.B. Cope, R.F. Williard and T. Enns. 1960. Metabolism of radioactive silver in a patient with carcinoid. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 56: 499-505. • Rungby, J. 1986. The silver nitrate prophylaxis of crede causes silver deposition in the cornea of experimental animals. Exp. Eye Res. 42: 93-94. • Tipton, I.H., P.L. Stewart and P.G. Martin. 1966. Trace elements in diets and excretia. Health Phys. 12: 1683-1689. • Wagner, P.A., W.G. Hoeskstra and H.E. Ganther. 1975. Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 148(4): 1106-1110. Top of page ________________________________________ _VI.B. Inhalation RfC References None Top of page ________________________________________ _VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References • Demerec, M., G. Bertani and J. Flint. 1951. A survey of chemicals for mutagenic action on E. coli. Am. Nat. 85(821): 119-136. • Furst, A. 1979. Problems in metal carcinogenesis. In: Trace Metals in Health and Disease, N. Kharasch, Ed. Raven Press, New York. p. 83-92. • Furst, A. 1981. Bioassay of metals for carcinogenesis: Whole animals. Environ. Health Perspect. 40: 83-92. • Furst, A. and M.C. Schlauder. 1977. Inactivity of two noble metals as carcinogens. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1: 51-57. • Nishioka, H. 1975. Mutagenic activities of metal compounds in bacteria. Mutat. Res. 31: 185-189. • Proceedings of a Workshop/Conference on the Role of Metals in Carcinogenesis. 1981. Environ. Health Perspect. 40: 252. • Schmahl, D. and D. Steinhoff. 1960. Versuche zur Krebserzeugung mit kolloidalen Silber-und Goldlosungen an Ratten. Z. Krebsforsch. 63: 586-591. • U.S. EPA. 1988. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Silver. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC. ECAO-CIN-026. Final Draft. Top of page ________________________________________ _VII. Revision History Substance Name — Silver CASRN — 7440-22-4 Date Section Description 03/01/1988 I.A.4. Text revised 03/01/1988 I.A.7 Secondary contact changed 06/30/1988 I.A.7. Primary contact changed 06/01/1989 II. Carcinogen summary on-line 06/01/1989 VI. Bibliography on-line 08/01/1989 VI.A Oral RfD references added 03/01/1991 I.A. Oral RfD summary noted as pending change 08/01/1991 I.A. Withdrawn; new oral RfD verified (in preparation) 08/01/1991 VI.A Oral RfD references withdrawn 12/01/1991 I.A Oral RfD summary replaced; RfD changed 12/01/1991 VI.A. Oral RfD references replaced 01/01/1992 IV. Regulatory actions updated 12/01/1996 I.A.7. Secondary contact removed 04/01/1997 III., IV., V. Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. 10/28/2003 I.A.6, II.D.2 Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. Top of page ________________________________________ _VIII. Synonyms Substance Name — Silver CASRN — 7440-22-4 Last Revised — 06/01/1989 • 7440-22-4 • ARGENTUM CREDE • COLLARGOL • Silver Top of page IRIS Home Chronic Health Hazards for Non-Carcinogenic Effects Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD) • Oral RfD Summary • Principal and Supporting Studies • Uncertainty and Modifying Factors • Additional Studies/Comments • Confidence in the Oral RfD • EPA Documentation and Review Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC) • Inhalation RfC Summary • Principal and Supporting Studies • Uncertainty and Modifying Factors • Additional Studies/Comments • Confidence in the Inhalation RfC • EPA Documentation and Review Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity • Weight-of-Evidence Characterization • Human Carcinogenicity Data • Animal Carcinogenicity Data • Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure • Summary of Risk Estimates • Dose-Response Data • Additional Comments • Discussion of Confidence Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure • Summary of Risk Estimates • Dose-Response Data • Additional Comments • Discussion of Confidence • EPA Documentation, Review and, Contacts Bibliography Revision History Synonyms Recent Additions | Search IRIS | IRIS Home | NCEA Home | ORD Home ________________________________________ • EPA Home • Privacy and Security Notice • Contact Us http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/subst/0099.htm WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/14 English only Silver in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality __________________ Originally published in Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1996. © World Health Organization 2003 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing andDissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +4122 791 2476 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +4122 791 2476 end_of_the_skype_highlighting; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for Non commercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose regulations, and to make recommendations with respect to international health matters ….” The first WHO document dealing specifically with public drinking-water quality was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-Water. It was subsequently revised in 1963 and in 1971 under the same title. In 1984–1985, the first edition of the WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) was published in three volumes: Volume 1, Recommendations; Volume 2, Health criteria and other supporting information; and Volume 3, Surveillance and control of community supplies. Second editions of these volumes were published in 1993, 1996 and 1997, respectively. Addenda to Volumes 1 and 2 of the second edition were published in 1998, addressing selected=”selected” chemicals. An addendum on microbiological aspects reviewing selected=”selected” microorganisms was published in 2002. The GDWQ are subject to a rolling revision process. Through this process, microbial, chemical and radiological aspects of drinking-water are subject to periodic review, and documentation related to aspects of protection and control of public drinkingwater quality is accordingly prepared/updated. Since the first edition of the GDWQ, WHO has published information on health criteria and other supporting information to the GDWQ, describing the approaches used in deriving guideline values and presenting critical reviews and evaluations of the effects on human health of the substances or contaminants examined in drinkingwater. For each chemical contaminant or substance considered, a lead institution prepared a health criteria document evaluating the risks for human health from exposure to the particular chemical in drinking-water. Institutions from Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States of America prepared the requested health criteria documents. Under the responsibility of the coordinators for a group of chemicals considered in the guidelines, the draft health criteria documents were submitted to a number of scientific institutions and selected=”selected” experts for peer review. Comments were taken into consideration by the coordinators and authors before the documents were submitted for final evaluation by the experts meetings. A “final task force” meeting reviewed the health risk assessments and public and peer review comments and, where appropriate, decided upon guideline values. During preparation of the third edition of the GDWQ, it was decided to include a public review via the world wide web in the process of development of the health criteria documents. During the preparation of health criteria documents and at experts meetings, careful consideration was given to information available in previous risk assessments carried out by the International Programme on Chemical Safety, in its Environmental Health Criteria monographs and Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues, and the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (which evaluates contaminants such as lead, cadmium, nitrate and nitrite in addition to food additives). Further up-to-date information on the GDWQ and the process of their development is available on the WHO internet site and in the current edition of the GDWQ. Acknowledgements The work of the following coordinators was crucial in the development of this background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality: J.K. Fawell, Water Research Centre, United Kingdom (inorganic constituents) U. Lund, Water Quality Institute, Denmark (organic constituents and pesticides) B. Mintz, Environmental Protection Agency, USA (disinfectants and disinfectant by-products) The WHO coordinators were as follows: Headquarters: H. Galal-Gorchev, International Programme on Chemical Safety R. Helmer, Division of Environmental Health Regional Office for Europe: X. Bonnefoy, Environment and Health O. Espinoza, Environment and Health Ms Marla Sheffer of Ottawa, Canada, was responsible for the scientific editing of the document. The efforts of all who helped in the preparation and finalization of this document, including those who drafted and peer reviewed drafts, are gratefully acknowledged. The convening of the experts meetings was made possible by the financial support afforded to WHO by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), the United Kingdom Overseas Development Administration (ODA) and the Water Services Association in the United Kingdom, the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), and the following sponsoring countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Identity Silver (CAS no. 7440-22-4) is present in silver compounds primarily in the oxidation state +1 and less frequently in the oxidation state +2. A higher degree of oxidation is very rare. The most important silver compounds from the point of view of drinking-water are silver nitrate (AgNO3, CAS no. 7761-88-8) and silver chloride (AgCl, CAS no. 7783-90-6). Physicochemical properties (1) Property AgNO3 AgCl Colour White White, darkens when exposed to light Melting point (°C) 212 455 Water solubility at 25 °C 2150 0.00186 (g/litre) Major uses The electrical and thermal conductivity of silver are higher than those of other metals. Important alloys are formed with copper, mercury, and other metals. Silver is used in the form of its salts, oxides, and halides in photographic materials and alkaline batteries, or as the element in electrical equipment, hard alloys, mirrors, chemical catalysts, coins, table silver, and jewellery. Soluble silver compounds may be used as external antiseptic agents (15–50 μg/litre), as bacteriostatic agents (up to 100 μg/litre), and as disinfectants (>150 μg/litre) (2).

Environmental fate

Silver occurs in soil mainly in the form of its insoluble and therefore immobile chloride or sulfide. As long as the sulfide is not oxidized to the sulfate, its mobility and ability to contaminate the aquatic environment are negligible. Silver in river water is “dissolved” by complexation with chloride and humic matter (3).

ANALYTICAL METHODS

The detection limit of the spectrographic and colorimetric method with dithizone is 10 μg of silver per litre for a 20-ml sample. The detection limit of atomic absorption spectroscopy (graphite furnace) is 2 μg of silver per litre, and of neutron activation analysis, 2 ng of silver per litre (4).

ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE

Air

Ambient air concentrations of silver are in the low nanogram per cubic metre range (5).

Water

Average silver concentrations in natural waters are 0.2–0.3 μg/litre. Silver levels in drinkingwater in the USA that had not been treated with silver for disinfection purposes varied between “non-detectable” and 5 μg/litre. In a survey of Canadian tapwater, only 0.1% of the samples contained more than 1–5 ng of silver per litre (5). Water treated with silver may have levels of 50 μg/litre or higher (4); most of the silver will be present as nondissociated silver chloride.

Food

Most foods contain traces of silver in the 10–100 μg/kg range (6).

Estimated total exposure and relative contribution of drinking-water

The median daily intake of silver from 84 self-selected diets, including drinking-water, was 7.1 μg (6). Higher figures have been reported in the past, ranging from 20 to 80 μg of silver per day (7). The relative contribution of drinking-water is usually very low. Where silver salts are used as bacteriostatic agents, however, the daily intake of silver from drinking-water can constitute the major route of oral exposure.

KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS

Silver may be absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, mucous membranes, and skin lesions (5). The absorption rate of colloidal silver after oral application can be as high as 5% (8). Most of the silver transported in blood is bound to globulins (5). In tissues, it is present in the cytosolic fraction, bound to metallothionein (9). Silver is stored mainly in liver and skin and in smaller amounts in other organs (5,10). The biological half-life in humans (liver) ranges from several to 50 days (9).

The liver plays a decisive role in silver excretion, most of what is absorbed being excreted with the bile in the faeces. In mice, rats, monkeys, and dogs, cumulative excretion was in the range 90–99%. Silver retention was about 10% in the dog, <5% in the monkey, and <1% in rodents (10). In humans, under normal conditions of daily silver exposure, retention rates between 0 and 10% have been observed (5).

EFFECTS ON LABORATORY ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS

Acute exposure

Oral LD50 values between 50 and 100 mg/kg of body weight have been observed for different silver salts in mice (11).

Short-term exposure

Hypoactive behaviour was observed in mice that had received 4.5 mg of silver per kg of body
weight per day for 125 days (12).

Long-term exposure

After 218 days of exposure, albino rats receiving approximately 60 mg of silver per kg of body weight per day via their drinking-water exhibited a slight greyish pigmentation of the eyes, which later intensified (13). Increased pigmentation of different organs, including the eye, was also observed in Osborne-Mendel rats after lifetime exposure to the same dose (14). Antagonistic effects between silver and selenium, involving the selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase, were observed in Holtzman rats (15).

Mutagenicity and related end-points

In the rec-assay with Bacillus subtilis, there were no indications that silver chloride was mutagenic (16). Reverse mutations in Escherichia coli were not induced by silver nitrate (17). In the DNA repair test with cultivated rat hepatocytes, silver nitrate solution was positive only at a moderately toxic concentration (18). Silver nitrate increased the transformation rate of SA7-infected embryonic cells of Syrian hamsters (19).

Carcinogenicity

Silver dust suspended in trioctanoin injected intramuscularly in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes
was not carcinogenic (20).

EFFECTS ON HUMANS

The estimated acute lethal dose of silver nitrate is at least 10 g (21).

The only known clinical picture of chronic silver intoxication is that of argyria, a condition in which silver is deposed on skin and hair, and in various organs following occupational or iatrogenic exposure to metallic silver and its compounds, or the misuse of silver preparations. Pigmentation of the eye is considered the first sign of generalized argyria (21). Striking discoloration, which occurs particularly in areas of the skin exposed to light, is attributed to the photochemical reduction of silver in the accumulated silver compounds, mainly silver sulfide. Melanin production has also been stimulated in some cases (22,23).

It is difficult to determine the lowest dose that may lead to the development of argyria. A patient who developed a grey pigmentation in the face and on the neck after taking an unknown number of anti-smoking pills containing silver ethanoate was found to have a total body silver content of 6.4 ± 2 g (22). It has been reported that intravenous administration of only 4.1 g of silver arsphenamine (about 0.6 g of silver) can lead to argyria (24). Other investigators concluded that the lowest intravenous dose of silver arsphenamine causing argyria in syphilis patients was 6.3 g (about 0.9 g of silver) (21). It should be noted that syphilis patients suffering from argyria were often already in a bad state of health and had been treated with bismuth, mercury, or arsphenamine in addition to silver.

CONCLUSIONS

Argyria has been described in syphilitic patients in poor health who were therapeutically dosed with a total of about 1 g of silver in the form of silver arsphenamine together with other toxic metals. There have been no reports of argyria or other toxic effects resulting from the exposure of healthy persons to silver.

On the basis of present epidemiological and pharmacokinetic knowledge, a total lifetime oral intake of about 10 g of silver can be considered as the human NOAEL. As the contribution of drinking-water to this NOAEL will normally be negligible, the establishment of a healthbased guideline value is not deemed necessary. On the other hand, special situations may exist where silver salts are used to maintain the bacteriological quality of drinking-water. Higher levels of silver, up to 0.1 mg/litre (a concentration that gives a total dose over 70 years of half the human NOAEL of 10 g), could then be tolerated without risk to health.

REFERENCES

• Holleman AF, Wiberg E. Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie. [Textbook of inorganic chemistry.] Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1985.
• National Academy of Sciences. Drinking water and health. Washington, DC, 1977:289-292.
• Whitlow SI, Rice DL. Silver complexation in river waters of central New York. Water research, 1985, 19:619-626.
• Fowler BA, Nordberg GF. Silver. In: Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Vouk VB, eds. Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1986:521-531.
• US Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient water quality criteria for silver. Washington, DC, 1980 (EPA 440/5-80-071).
• Gibson RS, Scythes CA. Chromium, selenium and other trace element intake of a selected sample of Canadian premenopausal women. Biological trace element research, 1984, 6:105.
• National Academy of Sciences. Drinking water and health, Vol. 4. Washington, DC, 1982.
• Dequidt J, Vasseur P, Gromez-Potentier J. Étude toxicologique expérimentale de quelques dérivés argentiques. 1. Localisation et élimination. Bulletin de la Société de Pharmacie de Lille, 1974, 1:23-35 (cited in reference 5).
• Nordberg GF, Gerhardsson L. Silver. In: Seiler HG, Sigel H, Sigel A, eds. Handbook on the toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1988:619-624.
• Furchner JE, Richmond CR, Drake GA. Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals. IV. Retention of silver-110m in the mouse, rat, monkey, and dog. Health physics, 1968, 15:505-514.
• Goldberg AA, Shapiro M, Wilder E. Antibacterial colloidal electrolytes: the potentiation of the activities of mercuric-, phenylmercuric- and silver ions by a colloidal sulphonic anion.
• Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1950, 2:20-26.
• Rungby J, Danscher G. Hypoactivity in silver exposed mice. Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica, 1984, 55:398-401.
• Olcott CT. Experimental argyrosis. V. Hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart. Archives of pathology, 1950, 49:138-149.
• Olcott CT. Experimental argyrosis. III. Pigmentation of the eyes of rats following ingestion of silver during long periods of time. American journal of pathology, 1947, 23:783-789.
• Wagner PA, Hoekstra WG, Ganther HE. Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental
• Biology and Medicine, 1975, 148:1106-1110.
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